As Dream of Telugu Statehood Nears, Bodos and Gurkhas Sharpen Their Swords

On July 31st, the decades-long dream of a separate state within India for the Telugu nationality came close to reality, as a committee of the country’s ruling Congress Party made a unanimous recommendation to the central government that the state of Andhra Pradesh be partitioned, so as to create a new ethnically defined state called Telangana.

But now some fear that this concession has opened a Pandora’s Box.  The Telengana-statehood movement is only one of many throughout India, including a dense thicket of tribal groups pining for the creation of new federal subdivisions in the far-northeastern “Seven Sisters” region by the border with Burma.

Over 1,000 Telugus since 2009 have preferred to die consumed in flames
than consent to being part of Andhra Pradesh.

Already, in Maharashtra state, proponents of creating a new state called Vidarbha have put the Congress Party on notice that their case for statehood is “older and stronger” than Telangana’s. Vidarbhans are committed to pursuing their cause peacefully.  But that is far less true of many advocates of the creation of separate states in the northeast for the Bodo, Gorkha, and Kuki people.

The districts in Maharashtra which wish to split away
as the state of Vidarbha are shown shaded in this map.

The leader of the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (G.J.M.) movement, Roshan Giri, and Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary of the Bodoland People’s Front have both said that it is time to intensify their struggles for separation.  Bodo activists have disrupted rail service in Assam state, essentially cutting off the near-exclave from the rest of India.  The associated vandalism and mob violence has turned lethal.  In the Gorkha region, a bandh (general strike) has now been going on for several days.

Bodo protesters have shut down rail service in Assam state.

The Bodo people are a tribal group making up 5% or so of the population of Assam who have been at the center of sometimes bloody conflict in recent years.  An influx of Muslim migrants spilling over from nearby Bangladesh and other areas has made Bodos a minority even in their own Bodo Territorial Autonomous District (B.A.T.D.), a jurisdiction that had been finally set up amid much fanfare in 2003 after decades of armed struggle.  Gorkhas (sometimes called Gurkhas) are an ethnically-Nepali minority who migrated to what are now West Bengal and neighboring states in British colonial times, when the Gurkhas formed part of the colonists’ large mercenary force.  A Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (G.T.A.) now governs the Darjeeling hills of West Bengal as an autonomous district, but the G.J.M. continues to press for full statehood.  During open conflict in the 1980s, thousands of Gorkhas were expelled into West Bengal from Meghalaya state, and militant Gorkha nationalists responded with demands for a fully independent Greater Gorkhaland which would also take in parts of Assam, the quasi-independent former kingdom of Sikkim, and even the fully independent Kingdom of Bhutan.

Meanwhile, a long violent insurgency by members of the related Kuki and Mizo ethnic groups envisions a Kukiland state carved out of their homeland, which spreads across six of India’s northeastern states.  The Kuki and Mizo, who are related to the Chin people just over the border in Burma (Myanmar), regard themselves as descendants of one of the Lost Tribes of Israel, the Tribe of Menasseh.  Anthropologists, folklorists, and geneticists have found their claims credible, though by appearance they resemble fellow speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages.  Many expect that Kuki nationalists, some of whom demand a fully independent state, may be the next to follow the Telugu example and throw their hats in the ring.

However, it is the Telangana movement that has some of the fiercest nationalist emotions behind it.  Hyderabad, including much of the Telugu homeland, was the largest of the literally scores of autonomous “princely states” that co-existed under the period of British suzerainty over the subcontinent.  When British India was divided into predominantly-Hindu India and predominantly-Muslim Pakistan at independence in 1947, Hyderabad’s Muslim monarch, Osman Ali Khan, who ruled over millions of Hindus, declared independence from both the United Kingdom and the new Indian nation of which he did not want to be a part.  But Hyderabad was forcibly absorbed into the new country.  In 1956, when the Indian government reorganized its internal borders, pains were taken to make sure that Hyderabadi nationalist feeling was not strengthened.  Hyderabad state was abolished, with some of its territories going to Karnataka state and some going to Bombay state (which later subdivided into Gujarat and Maharashtra), while Telugu areas were attached to Andhra Pradesh.  For Telugus, this is not a minor issue: more than 1,000 Telugu protesters have died from self-immolation since 2009 in protests over the statehood question.

Osman Ali Khan, Hyderabad’s last monarch,
wanted Telangana and other parts of his dominions out of India entirely.

Now that Telangana is likely to be established, those in the rest of Andhra Pradesh, including areas that would like to split away as Rayalaseema and those that do not want to be stranded in a rump state which may end up being called Seemandhra, have reacted angrily.  A raft of legislators have resigned, and violence is spilling into the streets.

This is how many people in Andhra Pradesh feel about the idea of Telangana state.

Telugu nationalism is part of the larger phenomenon of Dravidian nationalism—Dravidian being the language family that dominates southern India, as opposed to Hindu, Punjabi, and other Indo-European languages which dominate in the more politically central north of the country.  Some Dravidian nationalists in the post-independence period called for an independent Dravidistan, Dravida Nadu, or Deccan Federation, and this movement helped spawn separatist movements in India’s Tamil Nadu state and across the straits in Sri Lanka’s Tamil-dominated north—where 50,000 people died in one of the modern era’s bloodiest civil wars, which ended with a Tamil defeat in 2009.  There also remains the possibility that the latest Telugu victory will reignite demands for a separate state among the Dravidian-speaking Tulu people of Karnataka and Kerala states.

Areas where Dravidian languages are spoken

Few doubt that Telangana will become India’s 29th state in short order.  But managing the separatist aspirations of some of the vast multi-ethnic country’s other minorities will be harder.

Proposed new states within India: how much subdivision is too much?

[Also, for those who are wondering, yes, this blog is tied in with a forthcoming book, a sort of encyclopedic atlas to be published by Auslander and Fox under the title Let’s Split! A Complete Guide to Separatist Movements, Independence Struggles, Breakaway Republics, Rebel Provinces, Pseudostates, Puppet States, Tribal Fiefdoms, Micronations, and Do-It-Yourself Countries, from Chiapas to Chechnya and Tibet to Texas.  Look for it some time in 2013.  I will be keeping readers posted of further publication news.]

The World’s 21 Sexiest Separatists

So: who are the hottest separatists, living or dead?  Today I’ll offer my list of the twenty-one (21) sexiest separatists, secessionists, and anti-colonial rebels, both male and female (including one transgender person)—and no, none of them are from the Philippines’ Moro Islamic Liberation Front (a.k.a. MILF).

[Related article: “The Babes of the New Russian Empire: Putin Serves Up Neo-Soviet Imperialism with a Slathering of Cheesecake”]

It’s so hard to choose one—or even the top five—sexiest separatist, so don’t take this list as a firm—ahem—ranking.  But I have attempted to cluster the very hottest of them near the bottom (low-numbered) part of the list.  And I do think my choice for no. 1 is probably the hottest.

And why 21?  Because I already had a list of 20, and then remembered la Tigresa, that’s why ...

Tell me which of these you think is the hottest.  I’ll follow up with the results—and maybe even narrow it down to twelve for a published calendar (with maps and flags, of course).

Here we go with the list:

21. Queen Zenobia of Palmyra (Syria, Egypt)

Don’t worry: we’ll get to more recent ones, with photos of the actual people, but first let’s start in antiquity.  Xena the Warrior Princess, eat your heart out.  Zenobia—a direct descendant of Cleopatra and of Dido (of Aeneid fame)—was Queen of Palmyra (today’s Syria) in the third century A.D., taking over from her assassinated husband and son.  She almost single-handedly chased the Roman Empire out of Syria and of Egypt as well and was a major force in returning the Levant to local rule during this period.  She is the subject of five different operas (hence the image above), and even makes an appearance in Chaucer’s Monk’s Tale.  And if that isn’t sexy, I don’t know what is.

20. Queen Nzingha of Ndongo and Matamba (Angola)

Also known by her Portuguese name Ana de Sousa Nzingha Mbande after her conversion to Christianity, Anne Zingha, as she was known to Europeans, was a seventeenth-century African queen of the Mbundu nation in what is now Angola.  She was instrumental in resisting colonialism and slavery by the Kingdom of Portugal, partly by allying herself with the Dutch.  She has become famous in the West through the writings of the Marquis de Sade, who spins probably apocryphal stories about her in Philosophy in the Bedroom.  The good Marquis reports that she amassed a large harem and used to pit her captive catamites—some of them in drag—against each other in battle-royals in order to see who would spend the night with her.  Then, after a night of vigorous screwing, each lover was, in the morning, put to death.  Now that’s using your imagination.  By contrast, all Imelda Marcos could think of with her unlimited wealth and power was buying up a big pile of shoes.

19. Sean Connery (Scotland)

Who’s that Scotsman with the bedroom eyes?  Why, it’s actor Sean Connery, one of the most outspoken celebrity supporters of Scotland’s separatist Scottish National Party (S.N.P.)—though United Kingdom law prevents him from donating funds to the S.N.P. while living abroad.  He currently lives in self-imposed exile in the Bahamas and says he will not return to the U.K. until Scotland is its own country.  Yeah, sure, Connery played the heroic über-English secret agent James Bond—but, wait, or did he?  Actually, Bond was English, until Connery gave a distinctly Scottish demeanor and accent to the character in Dr. No, inspiring Ian Fleming to adjust subsequent novels to flesh out 007’s Scots–Swiss ancestry.  And good thing too: it was a way for the mostly-English Fleming to honor his Scottish grandfather.  Take that, Your Majesty!

18. Belle Boyd (Confederate States of America)

This Southern belle knew how to use sex as a weapon!  Born in a part of Virginia now (ironically) part of West Virginia, Belle Boyd was only 17 in 1861 when Union soldiers tore down the Confederate flag flying at her family’s estate, and when one of them spoke rudely to her protesting mother, she shot him.  She used her feminine charms to escape a death sentence—a reliable strategy over the many times she was brought before the law in her life.  When Union soldiers were posted around her house, she offered herself to one of them, extracted military strategy from him during pillow talk, then sent her slave to a Confederate commander with the information stuffed into a hollowed-out watch case.  Soon Robert E. Lee employed her as a full-blown secret agent, and the “honey trap”—seducing information out of enemy soldiers—was her specialty.  I know, she looks kinda horsey—okay, okay, really horsey.  But you have to admit: girl knew how to work it!

16. María Lapiedra (Catalonia)

The movement for independence in Spain’s coastal region of Catalonia has always been good-natured, with an appetite for the absurd. After all, this is the part of the world that gave us Salvador Dalí.  So no one should have been surprised when, in 2010, Joan Laporta i Estruch, the former head of Barcelona’s football club (a very emotional symbol for Catalan separatists) repurposed himself as a leader in Catalan’s struggle for independence and hired the famous porn-star María Lapiedra as spokeswoman and activist for the cause.  Lapiedra has added color to Catalan separatist rallies by stripping down while painted in the colors of the Catalan flag.

15. Björk (Faroes, Greenland, Tibet, etc.)

Yes, Björk, the international singing sensation, is Icelandic, and yes, Iceland has been independent for, oh, about a thousand years now.  But that’s not enough for this Arctic pixie!  She has become an activist for granting independence to Greenland and the Faroe Islands, and has raised the profile of Faroese nationalism with her 2008 hit song “Declare Independence.”  But her activism extends well below the Arctic Circle as well.  She caused a political ruckus when she shouted, “Tibet! Tibet!” after performing that song in China, and the government of Serbia, knowing her support for Kosovo’s independence, barred her from performing.

14. Emilia Plater (Poland, Lithuania)

Emilia Plater, a Polish countess, spent her childhood was spent, after her parents’ divorce, with well-heeled relatives in Vilnius during the period when the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was being dismembered (“partitioned”) and devoured by the Hapsburgs, the Prussians, and, mostly, the Russian Empire.  In 1829, while still in her twenties, Emilia cut her hair short, dressed in a cadet’s outfit—you can see why she is called the Polish Joan of Arc—and organized volunteers into a small standing army of hundreds of infantrymen and cavalry from the countryside in what is now Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland to take on the Czar almost single-handedly.  Not only did she make no apologies for wearing a man’s uniform, but she famously said she would never take it off until Poland was fully liberated.  She did indeed die before liberating her people from Russian rule, perishing from illness at the age of 25, but she remains one of the most enduring heroes of the Polish people.  Plus, that uniform she wouldn’t take off?  It looked totally hot on her.

13. Akhmed Zakayev (Chechnya)

We tend to think of Muslim separatist militants as swivel-eyed, foam-flecked roustabouts with bad breath and five-o’clock shadows, but don’t tell that to Akhmed Zakayev, president of the government-in-exile of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.  A veteran of the First Chechen War against Russia and a religious moderate—far more moderate than the Moscow-appointed autocrat actually running the Chechen Republic today, Ramzan Kadyrov—Zakayev got his start as an actor, and some call him the Chechen Laurence Olivier (it being unclear how much competition there ever was for that distinction).  He certainly cuts the figure.  He runs his government-in-exile from London, wears elegantly tailored suits, and is often seen attending gala events as consort to stars like Vanessa Redgrave.  Recently (as reported in this blog), MI-5 has warned Zakayev of a Russian plot to assassinate him.  For those who like their dapper Dans in a bit of a Svengali mode, let’s hope handsome Akhmed checks the underside of his car before heading out for an evening on the town.  Vanessa needs him for arm candy, and London night life wouldn’t be the same without him.

12. Laskarina Bouboulina (Greece)

If Helen of Troy had the face that launched a thousand ships, then saucy little Laskarina Bouboulina did her one better: she piloted them!—and helped make Greece the independent country it is today.  A member of Greece’s Arvanite (Albanian-speaking) minority, Laskarina was born in 1771 in a prison in Constantinople, where her whole family was jailed for her father’s role in an uprising against the Ottoman Empire.  Later, Laskarina married a wealthy ship owner, Dimitrios Bouboulis, who was shortly after killed by Algerian pirates.  Ottoman authorities attempted to confiscate her late husband’s wealth, including a shipping fleet featuring the warship Agamemnon.  So she put herself under the protection of the Russians—at the time waging the Turko-Russian War—who whisked her away to the Crimea to train her in naval tactics.  After Russia’s victory, Laskarina joined the Greek underground and led the Agamemnon into several battles, helping Greece win its independence in 1822—when she was 50 years old.  She was killed in a family blood feud a few years later in her native Aegean Islands, and after death the Russian Empire made her an honorary admiral.  Whatever her rank, I’d swab her decks any old time!

11. Northstar (Quebec)

Born in Quebec as Jean-Paul Beaubier, this hunky Canuck was orphaned in a car wreck at an early age and, being a mutant, began soon after to manifest superpowers such as flight, super-speed, and “light manipulation.”  As an idealistic young man in the late 1960s, he used those powers on behalf of the Front de libération de Québec, which waged battle to separate Quebec from Canada, but he soon grew disenchanted with their violent tactics.  As an adult, he joined the Canadian super-team Alpha Flight with the codename Northstar, and later the X-Men.  Now, if some of you ladies out there are thinking you’d like to take a bite from some of this north-of-the-border beefcake, I hope you’re sitting down because Jean-Paul likes boys a lot more than girls.  And if some of you guys are now interested, sorry to disappoint again, but come June he will tie the knot with his boyfriend Kyle in Astonishing X-Men #51—Marvel Comics’ first gay marriage.  Homo superior indeed!

10. Renzo Bossi (Padania)

At only 23 years old, sexy Italian Renzo Bossi looks if anything even younger.  One of the four sons of the dashing and flamboyant Umberto Bossi, who founded the Lega Nord (Northern League) to try to hive off northern Italy as its own country called Padania, young Renzo has followed in his father’s footsteps as a nepotistically privileged politico.  Most recently, he had the Lega Nord’s shadow government’s “minister for sport”–type portfolio.  Sure, he can be a bit of a rascal sometimes—he got in hot water for publishing an online game that involved using a long pole to push rafts of emaciated African refugees away from the Italian coastline—but, be honest: when you have your fantasies of backpacking through Lombardy, meeting a tousle-haired teen at the youth hostel, and having a summer fling—he looks a lot like Renzo, doesn’t he?  I thought so.

9. Comandante Ramona (Chiapas)

One of the key figures in the Zapatista indigenous uprising in Chiapas, southern Mexico, in the 1990s, little is known about Comandante Ramona other than that she was Mayan and that she died of cancer in January 2006.  But we know a few other things, because a ski mask and a form-fitting Pancho Villa–style bandolier can’t hide a smokin’-hot chassis.  Since she was never publicly unmasked, we can only fantasize.  On the other hand, depending on what your fantasies tend to be like, the mask might fit right in.

8. Richard Gere (Tibet)

Those of you who swooned over Hollywood hunk Richard Gere in films like An Officer and a Gentleman, Pretty Woman, and Chicago may not realize he has a second life as an activist for Tibetan independence.  Chairman of the board of directors for the International Campaign for Tibet and co-founder of Tibet House, Gere has even met and meditated with the Dalai Lama.  He also gained notoriety in 2007 when, at an AIDS-awareness rally in India, he gave Bollywood bombshell Shilpa Shetty a hug and a peck on the cheek, resulting in him being almost banned from India, a puritanical country where P.D.A. is apparently a B.F.D.  In public or in private, there are plenty of gals who wouldn’t mind spinning his prayer wheel!

7. Idoia López Riaño, a.k.a. La Tigresa (Basque Country)

Idoia López Riaño is better known in Spain as “la Tigresa.”  This “green-eyed femme fatale,” as the press tends to call her, was in the 1980s one of the most notorious members of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (E.T.A., or “Basque Homeland and Freedom”), the rebel militia seeking independence of the Basque Country from Spain (and, less optimistically, from France), which formally laid down its arms last year.  Nicknamed la Tigresa (“the Tigress”) for her unearthly beauty, she used that beauty as a weapon.  Her favored tactic was seducing policemen—even including, opportunistically enough, one who helped her change a genuinely flat tire—and then extracting from them information that could be used in later terrorist attacks.  Some of her handiwork included a 1986 bombing in a public square in Madrid that killed 12 Civil Guardsmen, as well as numerous other shootings and bombings of police and the attempted assassination of a judge.  She was arrested in 1994 and ultimately, in 2003, sentenced to 1,500 years in prison (though her defense attorneys are optimistic that she can get the sentence cut in half for good behavior).  Now 49 years old, she has been cut from the membership rolls of the (still militant) command of E.T.A. after formally renouncing violence.  For the rest of us, we’re counting the days till the spring of 3503 A.D., when we hope we can help la Tigresa change the tires on her levitation pod.  Rowr!

6. Véronique Renard (Tibet)

Is Véronique a man, a woman, or an eye-popping tulpa who materialized on this plane of existence to charm our socks off?  She may be (or has been) all three!  Born as a boy in 1965 in the Netherlands to Dutch parents, Renard underwent gender-assignment surgery at the age of 17 and changed her name to Véronique Françoise Caroline Renard, though she also uses the name given her in Tibet, Pantau.  She has written several books on Tibetan Buddhism, her travels in India, and her gender transition.  She is a prominent supporter of human rights and of Tibetan independence and founded the Pantau Foundation, which helps Tibetan refugee children in India.  You go, girl!

5. Dashni Murad (Kurdistan)

At the tender age of 25, Dashni Murad is sometimes called “the Kurdish Shakira.”  Born in northern Iraq, she is the most popular pop singer that Kurdistan has yet produced.  Her family moved to the Netherlands when she was a child, but she has mostly made her fame in her home region, not just among her dispersed and disenfranchised people, of whom she is a fierce advocate, but in the Arab world as well—though some folks are a little put off by her suggestive dance moves.  She even once hosted a Middle Eastern talk-show.  Her most famous album, recorded in 2010, is called Hom Shika Wawa.  Our sentiments exactly! 

4. Aline Sitoe Diatta (Senegal)

Often called the Joan of Arc of Senegal, Aline Sitoe Diatta was a member of the Jola (a.k.a. Diola) royal family in southern Senegal’s Casamance region in the 1940s, when she led a boycott against the French colonists, who were overtaxing Senegalese farmers to help their own war effort.  The French imprisoned her—focusing on her mainly because she was popularly believed to have magical powers—and then exiled her to Timbuktu, Mali, where she died.  (Ironically, both Casamance and Timbuktu are regions experiencing their own separatist uprisings today.)  Not only was she hot but serious style points for the bare breasts and the pipe.  It works.  That’s a look that needs to come back in fashion.  I know, right?

3. Salvatore Giuliano (Sicily)

Mama mía!  That’s-a some Italiana beefcake-a!  Salvatore Giuliano is one of the icons of Sicily’s separatist movement, and also had a legendary reputation as a sort of Robin-Hood-type bandit in the spirit of i Beati Paoli, the vigilantes on behalf of the poor who are thought to have been the rather more benevolent precursors to the Mafia.  Sicily became the first part of Italy to break free of Benito Mussolini when the Americans liberated it on their way to Rome during the Second World War, and those G.I.s were greeted not just as liberators but practically as demi-gods, partly because of the positive image (as Sicilians saw it) of their beloved Mafia in American gangster movies.  These cultural affinities helped make Giuliano—who once also proposed making Sicily the 49th state of the United States—a folk hero in America.  Sicilian independence became a popular cause among many Italian-Americans (including our own Mafia), and Time magazine ran a piece on Giuliano in 1950, featuring this mouth-watering photo.  Rumble, rumble—I think Etna is erupting!

2. Eva Wahlström (Valtio)

Number two now ... Eva Wahlström is the most famous female boxer in Finland, perhaps the most famous female boxer in all of Scandinavia, and also a star of Finnish reality T.V.  But did you also know that this muscle-bound femme fatale is the Minister of Defense for the Kingdom of Valtio, a two-square-mile patch of remote Finland’s remote Lapland region which seceded from the Republic of Finland in 2006?  Not only that, but she actually constitutes the entire armed forces of the minuscule monarchy.  Valtio has applied unsuccessfully for membership in the European Union and, more crucially, the right to send talent to the Eurovision Song Contest, without success.  We’ve got half a mind to invade Valtio ourselves, just so we can meet its armed forces head-on—hubba hubba!

1. Mathangi “Maya” Arulpragasam, a.k.a. “M.I.A.” (Tamil Eelam)

And now here’s number one—the Sexiest Separatist in the World.  Her name is Maya Arulpragasam, but this Sri Lankan sex kitten goes by the name M.I.A. in her career as a pop singer, electronic-dance-music producer, painter, filmmaker, and conceptual artist—and as advocate for her homeland, the Tamil region of northern Sri Lanka.  She was born in Hounslow, Middlesex, England, but her Sri Lankan father, Arul Pragasam, had been a founding member of the Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students, a radical group fighting, like the Tamil Tigers, for an independent state, to be called Tamil Eelam, in the north of Sri Lanka.  Her albums are very political, covering themes such as what she calls the Sri Lankan genocide of the Tamil people, the Palestinian cause, and police brutality against African-Americans—one such instance of which she happened to videotape from a Brooklyn window while on tour, posting it on YouTube and causing a public outcry.  The incendiary lyrics in her first album put her on a United States immigration watch list, though she now divides her time between London and Los Angeles.  The Village Voice calls her political activism on behalf of Sri Lanka’s Tamils “the most admirable thing going on in pop music today.”  But not all her songs are political.  Her hit tune “Let Me Hump You” features the lyrics, “Let me hump you, let me hump you, baby, from the back—and I’ma bang it like this.”  If you insist, Maya, if you insist!

So, do you agree with my rankings?  Or do you have other suggestions?  I realize I could have included William Butler Yeats’s Irish revolutionary muse Maude Gonne ...

... or the secessionist Republic of South Sudan’s charismatic president, Salva Kiir, whose cowboy hat makes him one of the most distinctively stylish heads of state today (and he looks nice and tall even when he’s not standing next to Hu Jintao!) ...

Let me know what you think.

[You can read more about these and many other separatist and new-nation movements, both famous and obscure, in my new book, a sort of encyclopedic atlas just published by Litwin Books under the title Let’s Split! A Complete Guide to Separatist Movements and Aspirant Nations, from Abkhazia to Zanzibar.  The book, which contains 46 maps and 554 flags (or, more accurately, 554 flag images), is available for order now on Amazon.  Meanwhile, please “like” the book (even if you haven’t read it yet) on Facebook and see this interview for more information on the book.]

The Week in Separatist News, March 18-24: Kurdistan Erupts, Mali’s Coup, “Sonic Cleansing” in Macedonia, Puerto Rico Wipes Off Santorum Stain

Top story: the Arab Spring comes to Kurdistan.  (See several stories, below.)

AFRICA

Discontent over Tuareg War Inspires Coup d’État in Mali.  Unrest among soldiers over mishandling of the separatist Tuareg rebellion in the northern Azawad region staged a coup d’état on March 21st in Mali.  The unrest began in the morning, as the minister of defense, Gen. Sadio Gassama, made an address to troops in Bamako, the capital, which inspired a near riot—with soldiers firing into the air—over the crowd’s complaints that the government was mismanaging the war and undersupplying the soldiers fighting it.   By the afternoon, troops had taken over the state television and radio stations, and the streets of the capital filled with troop-carriers and the sound of gunfire.  There was also rioting at a military base in Gao, in the northern region itself.  The presidential palace announced over Twitter, “There is no coup in Mali.  There’s just a mutiny.”  The following day, the soldiers’ so-called National Committee for the Reestablishment of Democracy and the Restoration of the State announced on national television, “The C.N.R.D.R., representing all the elements of the armed forces, defensive forces, and security forces has decided to assume its responsibilities and end the incompetent and disavowed regime of Amadou Toumani Touré.  The objective of the C.N.R.D.R. does not in any way aim to confiscate power, and we solemnly swear to return power to a democratically elected president as soon as national unity and territorial integrity are established.”  The United Nations, the United States, and many foreign governments have condemned the coup.  Looting, troop movements, and chaos reigned in the capital, and flights bound for Bamako were turned away.  President Touré, who is reported safe and under guard by loyalists somewhere in Mali, was scheduled to step down next month in any case, in accordance with term limits set forth in the constitution—which has now been suspended.  In the north, as of this writing, the National Movement for the Liberation of the Azawad is taking advantage of the power vacuum in Bamako to gain ground and is closing in on Timbuktu.  (See my recent blog article on the civil war in Mali.)

Mali’s new government

Algeria Balks at Thousands of Refugees from Mali’s Azawad Uprising.  The government of Algeria has begun showing the strains of absorbing, so far, more than 30,000 refugees from the Tuareg separatist insurgency in neighboring Mali.  Most of the refugees are in Tamanrasset, with more than 10,000 living there.  The Algerian minister of the interior, Ould Kablia, said this week, “Algeria will not interfere in the internal affairs of neighboring countries, and what happens in Mali is an internal   conflict.  But that does not obligate Algeria to receive its refugees.”  (The statement was made before Mali’s coup d’état; see above.)  He mentioned the possibility of terrorist infiltration and said his government “was obliged to take precautions in case of emergency.”  (See my recent blog article on the civil war in Mali.)

Police and Somalis Clash in Ethiopia Border Region, 10 Killed.  At least ten people have died and many more have been injured in battles between police and Somalis in Ethiopia’s Ogaden region, which is dominated by ethnic Somalis.  According to reports, the unrest began after police tried to rape a female shopkeeper in the village of Ragda, in Gashamo district, and killed a Somali man who tried to stop them, leading to a cycle of revenge killings of police and the burning of several villages by the police.  Most of the police are from the Ogaden ethnic group, while Gashamo district is dominated by members of Somali clans based in the nearby de facto independent Republic of Somaliland.  Meanwhile, it was reported on March 19th that the Somaliland government has deported 40 illegal immigrants to Ethiopia, 23 of them disabled people, some with missing limbs.  Somaliland blamed their presence in the country on a human-trafficking ring operating in Somaliland and the Puntland State of Somalia.  (See my blog article on the politics of ethnic autonomy in Ethiopia.)

50 Somaliland Soldiers Defect to Khaatumo State.  Fifty or more soldiers from the de facto independent Republic of Somaliland’s military have defected and joined the army of newly formed Khaatumo State of Somalia, also called the Sool, Saanag, and Cayn State.  The officer in charge of the defecting unit, Yasin Ali, claimed on March 17th that Somaliland government forces had been massacring members of the Sool clan in recent skirmishes between Somaliland and Khaatumo.  Khaatumo was declared in the last few months and has been trying to assert control over areas along the previously calm border between Somaliland and the Puntland State of Somalia, claiming part of the territory of each.  Unlike Somaliland, Puntland and Khaatumo are self-governing states which aspire to be part of an eventually reunified Republic of Somalia.  (See my recent blog article on the fragmentation of Somalia.)

The shiny pastels are a mistake.

Former Somali President Ahmed, Founder of Puntland, Dies at 77.  Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, a former rebel who was president of the Republic of Somalia’s Transitional Federal Government in Mogadishu from 2004 and 2008, died on March 23rd at the age of 77 in Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates, where he was hospitalized with liver disease.  Ahmed led a failed coup d’état against Mohamed Siad Barre’s regime in Mogadishu in 1978, then was exiled in Ethiopia until returning to Somalia in 1991.  He founded the self-governing Puntland State of Somalia in 1998 and served as its president until 2004.  (See my recent blog article on the fragmentation of Somalia.)

Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (1934-2012)

Soldier Killed in Casamance on Eve of Senegal Election.  One Senegalese soldier was killed and four were injured in an attack by separatist rebels in Casamance, the rebel region south of the Gambia River.  Senegal’s elections were to be held the following day, on the March 24-25 weekend.

Kony 2012 Controversy in U.S. Jumps Shark; A.U. Force Formed to Hunt Him.  The controversy over the California-based charity Invisible Children’s viral YouTube video Kony 2012, attempting to draw attention to the notorious Ugandan warlord Joseph Kony, reached new heights of absurdity.  First, the narrator of the video and Invisible Children’s co-founder, Jason Russell, was placed in psychiatric care after a prolonged freak-out in which he marched naked through heavy traffic in broad daylight shouting about the devil and slapping the pavement in gorilla-like fashion—all of it captured on video.  His wife referred to it as a psychotic break.  Second, Bree Olson, the porn-star ex-mistress of the sexually flamboyant and violently unstable U.S. actor Charlie Sheen, has produced a YouTube video called Naked for Kony 2012, in which she assumes various sultry beach poses and smears herself with mud, interspersed with images of atrocities in Uganda.  Meanwhile, however, it was announced on March 24th that the African Union will deploy a 5,000-troop force to hunt down Kony and his militia, the Lord’s Resistance Army, once and for all.  Uganda will take the lead and contribute 1,500 soldiers.

Jason Russell’s naked freakout

Mombasa Separatists Riot at Kenyan Polling Stations.  Young people suspected to be members of the Mombasa Republican Council, which aims to establish Kenya’s Coast province as a separate state, attacked election officials and voters during an election exercise in Malindi.  They raided polling stations, smashed ballot boxes, stole a police officer’s gun, and injured several people.  They all escaped before any arrests could be made.

EUROPE

Albanians in Kosovo and Macedonia Call for “Greater Albania.”  Ethnic Albanians in different Balkan nations are increasing calls for unification of Albania, Kosovo, and parts of the Republic of Macedonia in a “Greater Albania.”  Hashim Thaci, the prime minister of the de facto independent, ethnic-Albanian-dominated Republic of Kosovo—which the Republic of Serbia also claims—said last week, “It would be the best for Albanians to live in one state.”  The idea was echoed on March 20th by Menduh Thaci (no relation), a leader of Macedonia’s Albanians, who make up a quarter of the republic’s population.  He called Macedonia, which has a majority Slav population, an “artificial creation.”  Surveys show 63% support in Albania, more than three-quarters in Kosovo, and 53% among Albanians in Macedonia for a “Greater Albania,” though the United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which enabled Kosovo’s secession, reject the idea.  (See my recent blog article on Kosovo and Macedonia.)

One particularly generous vision for a Greater Albania

Pristina Wants Peacekeepers to Prevent Serbian Elections in North Kosovo.  The four municipalities in the north of the Republic of Kosovo that form North Kosovo—the ethnic-Serb-dominated region that insists that resists administration by Kosovo and insists it is still part of the Republic of Serbia—asked the Serbian government in Belgrade on March 21st to hold “local” elections in the towns when Serbia has its nationwide vote on May 6th.  Belgrade also does not recognize the Kosovar government.  In response, Kosovo’s interior ministry began preparing police operational plans to prevent the elections, which it hopes it can coordinate with the two peacekeeping forces in the republic, the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (Eulex) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s Kosovo Force (Kfor).  Meanwhile, the U.N. says that holding the elections in North Kosovo would be illegal but that there is no legal mechanism for preventing it.  (See my recent blog article on the Kosovo controversy.)

Bosniaks in Srebrenica Protest Pro-Serb Revisionist Curriculum.  In Srebrenica, in Republika Srpska, the Serb-run half of the only nominally unified Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, there has been more than a week of protests by Bosniaks—Bosnia’s Muslim Slavs—over a pro-Serb school curriculum.  The curriculum portrays as justifiable and necessary the 1995 Srebrenica massacre, in which Serb militias killed more than 8,000 Bosniak civilians, mostly men and boys, in an act that a United Nations tribunal has deemed a genocide.  The school in question is Serb-run and uses only the Serbian language, but has a nearly 50% Bosniak student body.  Srebrenica was a mostly Bosniak city before the Bosnian War—which Bosnia’s Serbs call the War of Serbian Independence—but is now in the Serb-administered portion of the country.

Archaeologists do a better job of excavating the Srebrenica massacre than Serb textbooks do.

Serbs Defy Bosnian Government on NATO Membership.  The president of Republika Srpska, Milorad Dodik, says he wants his republic to decide in a referendum whether the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina should join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), rather than having it decided at the federal level in Sarajevo.  Srpskans tend to reject the idea of NATO membership, while members of Bosnia’s other half, the Croat-and-Bosniak-governed Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, tend to favor it.  Srpska, which ended up on the opposite side of NATO in the Bosnian War when it was de facto independent, favors a neutral Bosnia.

Macedonia’s Rising Ethnic Strife Includes “Sonic Cleansing” Accusations.  The government of the Republic of Macedonia is reporting a rise in ethnic violence between Macedonian Slavs and ethnic Albanians, including around 40 injuries blamed on Slav–Albanian violence so far in 2012.  The Kosovo War of 1998-99 spilled over into Macedonia in 2000, resulting in a brief Albanian insurgency and an ethnic power-sharing agreement in 2001.  But as the Albanian share of the republic’s population increases, that balance of power is fraying, and some Albanians accuse Slavs of planning to divide the country into ethnic enclaves.  Slavs, meanwhile, accuse of Albanians, who are predominantly Muslim, of taking over Slavic neighborhoods through “sonic cleansing”—moving in, building a mosque, and gradually driving the predominantly Orthodox Christian Slavs to move away to avoid deafening daily calls to prayer.  (See my recent blog article on Kosovo and Macedonia.)

A mosque in Skopje, Macedonia

Russia Summons Danish Envoy in Anger over Chechen Leader.  The Russian Federation’s foreign ministry has summoned Denmark’s ambassador in anger over the participation of a wanted Chechen separatist, Akhmed Zakayev, in an international conference on Chechnya’s future on March 17-18 in Copenhagen.  Zakayev, a leader in the First Chechen War, was granted political asylum in 2003 by the United Kingdom, which has refused to extradite him to Russia.

Moscow Shifts 20,000 Troops from Chechnya to Dagestan.  On March 19th, the Republic of Dagestan’s Interior Ministry, which reports to Moscow but exerts minimal authority over the mostly warlord-ruled republic, was announcing that a “temporary detachment” of more than 20,000 federal soldiers will be relocated to Dagestan from neighboring Chechnya to augment police and army units and “to prevent and counter terrorism and extremism across the whole territory of Dagestan.”  Independent sources say convoys of troops had already begun moving from one republic to the other on March 14th.  Chechnya’s pro-Moscow but Islamist president, Ramzan Kadyrov, called news reports of the redeployment false stories designed to sow discord between the two republics and insisted Chechnya still needs those troops.

3 Dead in Dagestani House Raid; Bomb Kills Imam.  One policeman and at least two militants were killed in a house raid in the Republic of Dagestan, in the Russian Federation’s separatist North Caucasus region, according to Dagestani authorities on March 18th.  The raid occurred in the village of Novosasitly in central Dagestan.  Police said two other security officers were killed, and more militants’ bodies may be discovered as the house is searched.  Then, on March 23rd, a Muslim imam and his bodyguard were killed by a remote-controlled bomb in Buinaksk, in central Dagestan, as they were walking to prayer.  The cleric, Gitinmagomed Abdulgapurov, had been an outspoken critic of Islamic extremism.

Gibraltar a Step Closer to Playing Football as Full Nation.  The Union of European Football Associations (U.E.F.A.) has agreed to support Gibraltar, a tiny United Kingdom territory attached to the mainland of Spain, in its bid to compete alongside other European national football teams.  The last time Gibraltar applied to the U.E.F.A. was in 2007, when the only member countries supporting its failed bid were England, Scotland, and Wales—themselves non-sovereign divisions of the U.K.  In 2006, Gibraltar competed in an alternative championship for unrecognized states called the Federation of International Football Independents, or FIFI.  Other participants were Greenland, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Tibet, Zanzibar, and an ad hoc Republic of St. Pauli, named for the red-light district in the tournament’s host city, Hamburg, Germany.

Greenland vs. Zanzibar in the 2006 FIFA tournament in Hamburg

BITS OF ASIA THAT LIKE TO PRETEND THEY’RE PART OF EUROPE

Tbilisi Says Appointment of Russian Envoy to Abkhazia Amounts to Annexation.  The parliament of the Republic of Georgia is condemning the announcement in Moscow on March 16th of the creation of a Special Representative of the President of Russia in Abkhazia.  The post will be filled by Alexander Tkachyev, currently governor of the ethnic-Russian-dominated Krasnodar Krai, or district, within the Russian Federation, just northwest of Abkhazia.  Georgia’s deputy speaker of parliament, Paata Davitaia, said that not only did the Georgian government interpret this as a de facto Russian annexation of Abkhazia but Abkhazians, he said, were noting with dismay as well that their country was now essentially attached to Krasnodar Krai.  (However, Abkhazia’s president, Alexandr Ankvab, welcomed the appointment.)  Davitaia also pointed out that Tkachyev is a member of the Olympic Committee—referring to the upcoming 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, in Krasnodar Krai, which many in the Caucasus interpret as a deliberate provocation since Sochi is the site of a notorious massacre of Circassians in the late eighteenth century.  Meanwhile, Russia’s president, Dmitry Medvedev, has also appointed Teimuraz Mamsurov, the head of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alana as Special Representative of the President of Russia in South Ossetia, and the equivalent post in Transnistria was awarded to Dmitry Rogozin, who is Russia’s Deputy Prime Minister.

Georgia’s Javakhk Armenians Demand Autonomy.  A leader of the Republic of Georgia’s ethnic Armenian community said on March 19th that the creation of a Javakhk Autonomous Region in the Armenian-dominated part of Georgia’s Samtskhe-Javakheti province is the only way to counteract growing Turkish influence in the area.  The leader, Artak Gabrielyan, Coordinator of the Council of Samtskhe-Javakhk Armenian N.G.O.s, suggests that Turkish investment in a bridge project in the province may be a smokescreen for a plan to drive Armenians out of the region.  Turks and Armenians have a history of animosity, including a Turkish genocide or near-genocide of Armenians in the First World War era which the Republic of Turkey continues to deny.  The Javakhk community had earlier brought its demands to the Council of Europe.  The president of Georgia, Mikheil Saakashvili, is strongly anti-separatist and was, in the view of many, responsible for provoking the South Ossetia War of 2008 and, before that, crushing a separatist movement in Adjara.

Flag and coat of arms of Javakhk

South Ossetian Presidential Candidate Attacked.  A candidate for president of the de facto independent Republic of South Ossetia was attacked this week during a meeting with voters in Tskhinvali, the South Ossetian capital.  The candidate, Leonid Tibilov, called it an assassination attempt by partisans of the former South Ossetian president, Eduard Kokoity.  (See my blog article on last year’s disputed South Ossetian election.)

Armenian Officer Killed by Sniper at Azerbaijan Border.  An Armenian military officer was killed March 19th by a sniper from Azerbaijan’s military, across the border between the two nations in Armenia’s Tuvash region, the second Armenian officer killed by a sniper in as many weeks.  The government of Azerbaijan announced that two of its soldiers died in fighting earlier this month over the de facto independent, Armenian-dominated Nagorno–Karabakh Republic, which Azerbaijan claims as its territory.

E.U. to Replace France in Minsk Group, Angering Armenia.  The European Parliament proposed this week that France’s seat on the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe’s Minsk Group, tasked with monitoring the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, be replaced by a European Union delegate, has angered the government of Armenia, which supports the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which sits on territory the world recognizes as part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.  Azerbaijan approves of the recommendation, which is likely to pass.  France, which has a large ethnic-Armenian population, is perceived as being more pro-Armenian than the E.U. at large.

Map showing, in orange and brown, the de facto extent of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

2 Dead in Kurdish Rallies throughout Turkey; 13 Killed in Border Battle.  Violence flared across Turkey on March 18th as police moved aggressively against demonstrations by the separatist Kurdish minority.  The banned Kurdistan Workers’ Party (P.K.K.), as well as the legal ethnic Kurdish party, the Peace and Democracy Party, had called for protests in the season of the Kurdish New Year, on March 21st, as part of an explicit attempt to whip up street politics of the kind that have brought down Arab governments such as those in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen over the past year.  The largest gathering was in Diyarbakir, the intended capital of Kurdistan, where more than 40,000 gathered and were met with police riot hoses.  A Kurdish politician was reported killed in the demonstrations, as was a policeman.  Over 100 demonstrators have been arrested.  Then, on March 21st, 6 police and 7 Kurdish peshmerga fighters were killed in battles in Sirnak province in the mountains of southeastern Turkey, near the borders with Iraq and Syria, with helicopters and fighter planes also involved.  (See my recent blog article listing Kurdistan as one of “Ten Separatist Movements to Watch in 2012.”)

Kurdish New Year celebration

Kurds Threaten War If Turkey Invades Syria.  The field commander of the separatist Kurdish army in eastern Turkey put the Turkish government on notice on March 22nd that if the Turkish military intervened in the civil war in neighboring Syria, “all of Kurdistan will turn into a war zone.”  The week before, the Turkish Republic’s prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, had openly considered securing a buffer zone between Syria and Turkey to prevent a flood of refugees from the war, which would involve sending troops into Syria—but Turkey seems hesitant to move without some sort of international approval.  In recent weeks, members of Turkey’s banned militia, the Kurdistan Workers Party (P.K.K.), had been capturing any members of the rebellious Free Syrian Army (F.S.A.) who crossed into Turkey and turning them over to the regime of Syria’s embattled dictator, Bashar al-Assad.  The Syrian regime has been an ally of the P.K.K. in the past; in 1998, Turkey threatened war if Syria did not stop supporting the P.K.K., and Syrian support had subsided since then.  Syria’s 2 million Kurds, 9% of the population, all near the Turkish border, have taken a back seat in Syria’s months-long civil war and have been barely a presence at all in the F.S.A.  Turkish intelligence is reporting that, in fact, Syria has revived its support for the P.K.K. in retaliation for Turkey’s shift in support away from the Assad regime and that P.K.K. fighters are able to move freely throughout Syria.  (See my blog article on regional and ethnic dimensions of Syria’s civil war.)

Turkish Court Brings Thought-Crime Charges against Nobel Peace Candidate.  It was announced on March 20th that a special prosecutor in the Republic of Turkey is indicting an economics professor and a Nobel Peace Prize candidate for ties to the banned Union of Kurdish Communities (K.C.K.).  Prof. Büşra Ersanlı of Marmara University is charged with “leading an illegal organization,” and Ragıp Zarakolu, a human-rights activist and candidate for this year’s Nobel Peace Prize, with “aiding and abetting an illegal organization.”  They may be sentenced to as many as 22 and 15 years in prison, respectively.  The charges against Ersanlı are based entirely on his teaching at the Political Academy of the Peace and Democracy Party.  Zarakolu’s publishing house has, among other things, published books about the Turkish genocide of Armenians in the 1910s and ’20s, which the Turkish government denies ever happened.  191 other defendants are also listed.  (See my recent blog article listing Kurdistan as one of “Ten Separatist Movements to Watch in 2012.”)

ASIA

Kurd Leader Threatens to Quit Iraqi Coalition.  The president of the Kurdish Regional Government (K.R.G.) threatened on March 20th to withdraw from the coalition which rules Iraq, in a dispute over autonomy and oil rights.  The president, Massoud Barzani, called his government’s alliance with the ruling Shiite party in Baghdad “meaningless,” adding, “It is time to say that enough is enough, because Iraq is headed toward an abyss, and a small group of people are about to pull Iraq into a dictatorship.”  Barzani had billed the speech as a major announcement, timed for the Kurdish New Year.  The K.R.G. has insisted for months that it has a right to close oil development deals with Exxon Mobil Corporation without the approval of Baghdad.  The K.R.G. is also refusing to aid Arab refugees from Sunni–Shi’a strife in the south whom the central government has settled in Iraqi Kurdistan.  Barzani has long complained of the authoritarian tendencies of Iraq’s Shiite prime minister, Nouri al-Maliki, pointing out that Iraq is the only country in the world where the offices of prime minister, minister of defense, minister of the interior, military chief of staff, intelligence chief, and head of the national security council are all held by the same person.  Barzani also reiterated that the city of Kirkuk needs to be placed under K.R.G. jurisdiction, and he said that “Kurdish ethics” forbade him to allow the extradition to Baghdad of Tariq al-Hashemi, Iraq’s vice-president to Baghdad.  Hashemi, a Sunni Arab, fled to the Kurdish region late last year to evade an arrest warrant issued by Maliki on charges of running death squads.  (See my recent blog article on the possibility of the partition of Iraq.)

A rally in Iraq’s Kurdish Autonomous Region

Iraqi Peshmerga Help Turks Capture P.K.K. Fighters in Iraq.  Inside sources reported on March 23rd that the Turkish Republic has been enlisting the support of the Kurdish Regional Government in northern Iraq in an attempt to contain the threat of a possible growing alliance between the banned separatist Kurdistan Workers’ Party (P.K.K.) and the embattled dictatorship in Syria.  Indeed, this week a joint operation by Turkish troops and peshmerga fighters from the K.R.G.’s ruling Kurdistan Democratic Party (K.D.P.) has captured five alleged P.K.K. terrorists in northern Iraq.  The five were handed over to Turkey.  In the last five months, the P.K.K. have kidnapped eight relatives of the K.D.P.’s head, Massoud Barzani, who is also president of the K.R.G. in Iraq and a partner in Iraq’s Shiite–Kurdish coalition government.  A total of 20 P.K.K. fighters have been captured in Iraq and delivered into Turkish custody in the same period, in a marked deterioration in relations between Turkish and Iraqi Kurds.  (See my recent blog article listing Kurdistan as one of “Ten Separatist Movements to Watch in 2012.”)

Flag of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party

Kurdish Wins in Iranian Vote Prompt Azeri Accusations of Fraud.  Elections in Iran’s Urumiya and Naghada provinces this month put Kurdish candidates into Parliament, despite a Kurdish boycott of the vote.  This has led to accusations by the region’s other minorities, the Azeris, that the vote was rigged by the central government to weaken Azeri influence.  Even some Kurdish leaders agree.  Rostam Jahangiri, a leader in the Kurdistan Democratic Party–Iran (K.D.P.I.), told the media, “Most of the Kurds in Urumiya boycotted the elections, but the Iranian authorities changed the results, allowing the Kurdish nominees to win.  In a secret letter to the Urumiya governor, Iranian authorities showed their support for the Kurdish candidates in Naghada. ... The Iranian authorities want to use the Kurdish candidates as a façade, telling others that the Kurds are participating in the Iranian government and telling the Kurdish political parties that ‘your boycott has no support among Kurds in Iran.’ Furthermore, the government wants to use the elections to deepen the issues between the Turks” (i.e., Azeris, who speak a language related to Turkish) “and Kurds in those provinces.”  (See my recent blog article listing Kurdistan as one of “Ten Separatist Movements to Watch in 2012.”)

U.N.H.R.C., with Indian Support, Passes Sri Lanka War-Crimes Resolution.  On March 22nd, after much controversy, the United Nations Human Rights Council (U.N.H.R.C.) adopted a resolution urging the government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka to “credibly investigate” reports of war crimes it committed during its civil war against the Tamil separatist army the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (L.T.T.E.) from 1983 to 2009, especially in the final months, when up to 40,000 civilians may have died.  The U.N. estimates about 100,000 died in the conflict as a whole.  Sri Lanka’s government had lobbied the U.N.H.R.C.’s 47 member nations to block the measure.  In the end, the decision by the Republic of India to side against Sri Lanka was a dramatic turn in the diplomatic struggle.  India’s relationship to the civil war is complex: India had in the past given covert support to the L.T.T.E.—the Tamil minority also have a homeland in the adjacent Indian state of Tamil Nadu—but the L.T.T.E. also assassinated India’s president, Rajiv Gandhi, in 1991.  In this week’s U.N. vote, the People’s Republic of China, which consistently defends the rights of governments to massacre their own citizens without foreign interference, sided with Sri Lanka, as did, naturally, Cuba and the Russian Federation.

U.N. Sending Mission to West Bank; Netanyahu Slams “Hypocrisy.”  The United Nations Human Rights Council voted on March 23rd to form a committee to investigate “the implications of the Israeli settlements on the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of the Palestinian people throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem.”  Israel’s prime minister, Binyamin Netanyahu, called it a “hypocritical council with an automatic majority against Israel” (the vote was 36-to-1, with the United States holding out against the Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Italy, Spain, and others), adding that more than a third of all Human Rights Council resolutions have been against Israel, meanwhile “Only three of the decisions dealt with Syria, and only one with Iran.  It was enough to hear the Syrian ambassador speaking today about human rights to understand the extent which the council is out of touch with reality.”  Netanyahu also made headlines this week by condemning Baroness Ashton of Upholland, an English peeress and a senior European Union foreign and security policy official, for seeming to equate a shooting spree at a Jewish school in Toulouse, France, by a young Algerian–French man to the killing of civilian children by the Israeli Defense Forces in the Gaza Strip.  (See my recent blog article commenting on the Ashton controversy.)

Israeli Soldier Shoots 6-Year-Old Boy in Gaza.  Israeli soldiers shot and wounded a six-year-old Palestinian boy in the Gaza Strip on March 18th.  The incident occurred within southern Gaza, but  near enough the border to be in Israel’s unilaterally imposed “exclusion zone,” where the Israeli army claims the right to open fire on any civilians who stray in, including often children at play.  The boy “is in moderate condition,” according to an official from the Palestinian Authority, “and was shot with live fire in his thigh.”  (See my recent blog article listing Palestine as one of “Ten Separatist Movements to Watch in 2012.”)

South Yemen Separatists Kill 3 in Attack on Army Base; Police Kill 2 Attackers.  In Yemen, militants fighting for a restoration of the formerly independent South Yemen killed three Yemeni soldiers and wounded two others in an army base in the southern province al-Dhalea, near the former South Yemen capital, Aden, on March 19th.  A security official said, “The gunmen opened fire at the outpost and then tossed home-made grenades toward the army soldiers killing them immediately at the scene.”  The attacks are blamed on the main Southern separatist group, called the Higher Council of the Peaceful Movement for the Liberation of the South.  Two days later, police surrounded suspects in that attack in their hideout by police, according to police officials, and two separatists were killed in the ensuing shoot-out.  (See my recent blog article listing South Yemen as one of “Ten Separatist Movements to Watch in 2012.”)

Sindhi Separatists Suspected in Pakistani Bombings.  Two bombs damaged electrical transmission towers near Hyderabad, Pakistan, on March 22nd, while three others were defused by bomb squads.  Although no responsibility has been claimed, earlier rail-line bombings were claimed by the Sindhudesh Liberation Front, an organization advocating the independence of Pakistan’s Sindh province.

Flag of Sindh province, Pakistan

U.N., Australia Sending Envoys to Tibet over “Grim Situation.”  The United Nations and the government of Australia are promising to try to send envoys to Tibet in the wake of a spike in self-immolations by Buddhist monks in Tibetan areas of neighboring provinces.  A U.N. official visited three Tibetan hunger-strikers in New York City on March 23rd and promised them that the U.N. would try to send a “rapporteur” to Tibet to assess the “grim situation” there.  When receiving this assurance in writing, they ended the hunger strike.  The development was announced by Lobsang Sangay, Tibet’s prime-minister-in-exile in Dharamsala, India.  He added, “And also from the news accounts that we have read, the Australian ambassador in China has requested the Chinese foreign ministry to allow to visit Tibet to assess the situation in Tibet.  These two events, even though not the extent we would like to see, are in many ways an indication that truth will be heard, truth will be supported, and hopefully truth will prevail.”  (See my recent blog article on Tibet.)

Tibetan hunger-strikers in New York

Human Rights Watch Details Burmese “Annihilation” of Kachin Villages.  The international group Human Rights Watch (H.R.W.) said on March 20th that the past nine months of fighting between Burma’s Kachin minority and the slowly liberalizing junta that runs the country (which it calls Myanmar) has displaced 75,000 people and included government burning of whole villages, kidnapping, firing upon civilians, child enslavement, rape, and torture.  The data are based on more than 100 interviews with Kachin in Burma and among refugees in China’s neighboring Yunnan province.  Though the greater share of the atrocities is attributed to the Burmese army, H.R.W. also blames the Kachin Independence Army for using child soldiers and planting mines.  Meanwhile, on March 19th, the president of Myanmar has released a leading Karen separatist, Phado Man Nyein Maung, of the Karen National Union, from prison so that he can participate in peace talks.  The Kachin and other groups were promised, but never given, an autonomous region when Burma gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1948.  In January of this year, the Burmese junta signed a peace deal with the Karen, who are 7% of the population and have a large public-relations campaign in the West.  The Kachin, on the other hand, are only 1.5% of Burma’s population but sit on a vast northern territory whose resources are being plundered by Chinese companies.  In the past few months Burma’s long-standing war against the Kachin has reached what one activist called “the annihiliation stage.”  (See my blog article on the situation of Burma’s ethnic minorities.)

Southern Thai Separatists Linked to Crystal Meth Ring.  Drug enforcement officials in Thailand said on March 17th that they have followed the money trail of a recently busted crystal methamphetamine ring and found them depositing more than 10,000,000 Thai baht (more than $300,000 U.S.) into the coffers of the banned Runda Kumpulan Kecil (R.K.K.) separatist group.  The crimes focused on the smuggling of pseudoephedrine, a cold medicine used as an ingredient in crystal meth.  Over thirty hospitals may be complicit in the racket.   The R.K.K. is one of the main insurgency groups fighting for a separate state in the ethnically-Malay, predominantly Muslim southern provinces of Thailand.

OCEANIA

Australian Foreign Minister Warns Lawmakers Not to Support Papuan Independence.  The foreign minister for Australia, Bob Carr, has warned Australian legislators not to make statements contradicting official Australian foreign policy that recognizes Indonesia’s sovereignty over the separatist province of West Papua. “It would be a reckless Australian indeed,” said Carr, ”who wanted to associate himself with a small separatist group which threatens the territorial integrity of Indonesia and would produce a reaction among Indonesians toward this country.”  Sen. Richard Di Natale, from Australia’s Green Party, has been an outspoken advocate for Papuan independence.  (See my blog article listing West Papua as one of “Ten Separatist Movements to Watch in 2012.”)

In light and dark green, the proposed independent state of West Papua

NORTH AMERICA

Romney Sweeps Puerto Rico, Benefitting from Santorum’s Nativist Rant.  Mitt Romney, the moderate front-runner in the race for the Republican nomination for president of the United States, on March 18th won the primary election in Puerto Rico.  With more than 50% of ballots, Romney garners all 20 of the commonwealth’s delegates.  Romney benefited from controversial statements by his closest opponent, the right-wing extremist paleo-Catholic theocrat Rick Santorum, who while campaigning the week before told Puerto Ricans—who are overwhelming bilingual—that he would support statehood for the territory only if it adopted English as its primary language.  After the vote, Santorum, who now seems committed to making sure that no Hispanic ever votes Republican again, has made language policy a center of his intolerant campaign rhetoric, saying that English should be the official language of the U.S. because “You see what happened in Quebec in Canada.”

Rick Santorum and family

Odawa Tribe in Michigan Considers Recognizing Same-Sex Marriage.  The tribal government of the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, in the United States, is considering amending its constitution to recognize same-sex marriage, in cases where one member of a couple is a tribal member.  A tribal leader, Ken Harrington, said, “We have our own constitution, our own court system, and our own government here, police force, etc., ... so it’s our right to express equality.  In my mind, we’re all equal in our Creator’s eye.”  The Little Traverse Bands have a population of about 4,000 and traditionally speak an Algonkian language related to Ojibwe.  Same-sex marriage is also recognized by the Coquille and Suquamish tribal governments in Oregon and Washington State, respectively.

PRACTICALLY BLOODY ANTARCTICA

South American Nations Warn U.K.: Hands off Falklands Oil.  The Union of South American Nations (Unasur), an organization representing all 12 independent states in South America, issued a joint statement rejecting the United Kingdom’s military presence in the Falkland Islands—a U.K. overseas territory also claimed by Argentina, which calls the islands the Malvinas—as well as plans for oil exploration in Falklands waters. “The military presence of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland [sic] in the Islas Malvinas,” said the countries’ foreign ministers in a joint statement in Montevideo, Uruguay, on March 17th, “goes against the region’s policy to seek a peaceful solution to the sovereignty dispute, and [Unasur] reiterates its rejection of that presence.  It also rejects unilateral British activities in the disputed zone, which include, among other things, the exploration and exploitation of renewable and non-renewable Argentine natural resources as well as military exercises.”  A few days after the announcement, Peru canceled a planned visit by a British navy frigate.  The 12 states party to the statement include the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, a former U.K. colony and a member of the U.K.-led Commonwealth of Nations.  (See my blog article on the recent conflict over the Falkland Islands.)

Prince William Returns from Falklands Tour amid Public Support.  Following an unscientific newspaper poll last month (reported on in this space) which saw the majority of Britons supporting “returning” the Falkland Islands to Argentina, but a new Guardian/I.C.M. opinion survey says 61% in the United Kingdom favor defending the Falklands “at all costs.”  Only 32% supported negotiation with Argentina.  Meanwhile, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, returned on March 21st from his four-week tour of duty in the Falklands as a search-and-rescue pilot and will be resting for a few days before returning to Royal Air Force duty in Anglesey, Wales.  It was William’s initial deployment last month that set off the latest diplomatic skirmish between Argentina and the U.K. over the South Atlantic archipelago.  (See my blog article on the recent conflict over the Falkland Islands.)

Prince William (left) on duty in the Royal Air Force, where he is known simply as Flight Lt. Windsor.

(It was thought that if he used the name Flight Lt. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha it might hurt morale.)

I don’t know who that guy is on the right.  Pfft, probably some commoner.

[You can read more about Kurdistan, Azawad, Puerto Rico, and many other separatist and new-nation movements, both famous and obscure, in my new book, a sort of encyclopedic atlas just published by Litwin Books under the title Let’s Split! A Complete Guide to Separatist Movements and Aspirant Nations, from Abkhazia to Zanzibar.  The book, which contains 46 maps and 554 flags (or, more accurately, 554 flag images), is available for order now on Amazon.  Meanwhile, please “like” the book (even if you haven’t read it yet) on Facebook and see this interview for more information on the book.]